Transponder – Class D?

RockyMtnFlyer

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Several times, I have heard the tower at my home airport (class D) tell pilots their transponder is not working. Why are they doing this since a transponder is not required for class D? Am I missing something?
 
If they have radar, it helps. So it’s basically only informative.
 
The tower has a data feed from center. I guess nothing wrong with telling them "no transponder"? Asking for a friend who let the 24 month inspection expire and needs to fly to an avionics shop. I told him no problem, but then I started thinking about the times I heard the tower ask about a transponder.
 
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If they have one it must be on and working correctly ...
Thanks, I just looked at 91.215 and see those words. A transponder is not required in class D airspace, but if you have one it has to be used; they probably assume everyone has a transponder. I guess they are being nice; letting the pilot know it's not working before he gets somewhere that requires it.
 

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Thanks, I just looked at 91.215 and see the words I was looking for. A transponder is not required in class D airspace, but if you have one it has to be used; they probably assume everyone has a transponder. I guess they are being nice; letting the pilot know it's not working before he gets somewhere that it is required.

I guess I should have given the reference for that. :dunno:

As some understand it there is an exception a.k.a. the Lunken Exception Rule (LER) where a transponder can be turned off at altitudes lower than bridge height:

L.E.R. :rofl:
 
Asking for a friend who let the 24 month inspection expire and needs to fly to an avionics shop.
Some comments:
My avionics guy told me that he often finds transponders that are years beyond the last test - nobody knows.
If you need to fly inside a Mode C veil or class C airspace with no transponder you can usually call ahead and get permission. (BTDT)
 
Every time I go into a D (rarely) tower asks me to ident, then I say "negative transponder" and they repeatedly ask me where I am, I guess the fabric and tube and wood wings plane doesn't have much of an echo.
 
Every time I go into a D (rarely) tower asks me to ident, then I say "negative transponder" and they repeatedly ask me where I am, I guess the fabric and tube and wood wings plane doesn't have much of an echo.
They don’t and if you have a wood prop it’s even worse.
 
If they have one it must be on and working correctly ...
This mid-air, glider vs Hawker jet, was a case where the glider had a transponder but it was turned off.

 

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The tower has a data feed from center. I guess nothing wrong with telling them "no transponder"? Asking for a friend who let the 24 month inspection expire and needs to fly to an avionics shop. I told him no problem, but then I started thinking about the times I heard the tower ask about a transponder.
I went into LZU years ago for a POA fly in. Told them “negative transponder” and everything worked out fine.

Too many tower controllers (class D) use the radar feed as a crutch to get a mental picture. Seen that first hand. It makes things easier but a good controller with a set of binos and knowing their surrounding geography, should have no problems working traffic visually.
 
The nearest Class D does not have radar, but the last time I visited the tower with a student, I noticed they had a computer showing ADS-B targets. Can't use it for anything other than situational awareness, but it's better than nothing.
 
Why are they doing this since a transponder is not required for class D?
Quite a few class Ds use radar as a crutch and can't really do anything unless they see a target on a scope.
Some of them (HPN, ahem) will not let you in their precious class D if they can't see your tail number on ADS-B. The concept of anonymous mode is foreign to them.
 
Thanks, I just looked at 91.215 and see those words. A transponder is not required in class D airspace, but if you have one it has to be used; they probably assume everyone has a transponder. I guess they are being nice; letting the pilot know it's not working before he gets somewhere that requires it.
It's more than just being nice. It's a rule. Don't think I've ever heard the 'exact' Phraseology used.


5−2−12. FAILURE TO DISPLAY ASSIGNED BEACON CODE OR
INOPERATIVE/MALFUNCTIONING TRANSPONDER
a. Inform an aircraft with an operable transponder that the assigned beacon code is not being displayed.
PHRASEOLOGY−
(Identification) RESET TRANSPONDER, SQUAWK (appropriate code).
b. Inform an aircraft when its transponder appears to be inoperative or malfunctioning.
PHRASEOLOGY−
(Identification) YOUR TRANSPONDER APPEARS INOPERATIVE/MALFUNCTIONING, RESET, SQUAWK (appropriate
code).
c. Ensure that the subsequent control position in the facility or the next facility, as applicable, is notified when
an aircraft transponder is malfunctioning/inoperative.
 
I went into LZU years ago for a POA fly in. Told them “negative transponder” and everything worked out fine.

Too many tower controllers (class D) use the radar feed as a crutch to get a mental picture. Seen that first hand. It makes things easier but a good controller with a set of binos and knowing their surrounding geography, should have no problems working traffic visually.
Lol. Let's go back a few more years when Radar itself was new. The catchphrase then was Radar is a crutch
 
Lol. Let's go back a few more years when Radar itself was new. The catchphrase then was Radar is a crutch
I remember when we got BRANDS in the tower it was fairly new system at the time. All the old guys bragging about the good ole days working tower with only binos and a mental picture of where their traffic was.

Heck I remember when AWOSs weren't widespread and ASOSs were just coming on line. Back then we’d issue conditions at the air station for going into satellite fields. On some days it was a crap shoot if they had weather to get in. Up hill, both ways… ;)
 
It's more than just being nice. It's a rule. Don't think I've ever heard the 'exact' Phraseology used.


5−2−12. FAILURE TO DISPLAY ASSIGNED BEACON CODE OR
INOPERATIVE/MALFUNCTIONING TRANSPONDER
a. Inform an aircraft with an operable transponder ...
How do they know which a/c have "an operable transponder"? Besides, applying the letter of the law (91.215); if the transponder is out of the 24 month inspection, it should not be turned on. This is just a what if discussion; I would turn it on; I know it still works.

(c) Transponder-on operation. Except as provided in paragraph (e)(2) of this section, while in the airspace as specified in paragraph (b) of this section or in all controlled airspace, each person operating an aircraft equipped with an operable ATC transponder maintained in accordance with § 91.413 shall operate the transponder, including Mode C equipment if installed, and shall reply on the appropriate code or as assigned by ATC, unless otherwise directed by ATC when transmitting would jeopardize the safe execution of air traffic control functions.
 
If the aircraft has an operable transponder, it must be operated in controlled airspace and must be within the 24 month inspection periodicity. Pretty much, if it's installed, it needs to be operable (or deactivated and placarded, I guess), and if it's operable then you've got to use it. You can't fly and just choose to not turn the transponder on.

I got bitten by this following an engine-failure emergency landing to a restricted airfield. The FAA safety investigation included a request for last date of annual inspection, pitot-static inspection, and transponder inspection. Turned out that my transponder's periodicity had expired a couple of months earlier and I (like an idiot and due to a couple of decades out of GA) had assumed that it was only required for IFR flights. The FAA initiated a Compliance Action, which was pretty friendly and painless ("Read the FAR again and let us know you understand it"). I was required to get a ferry permit to my local avionics shop to get the inspection done. The local Class Charlie controllers were to be told "transponder should be considered unreliable" if I transited their airspace enroute. It still had to be turned on, even out of periodicity.

What really backed me into a corner was that I had recently flown to a nearby airport that had Class E to the ground, so it was obvious that I had flown in controlled airspace. Still, easily fixed, lesson learned, and all's well that ended well.
 
How do they know which a/c have "an operable transponder"? Besides, applying the letter of the law (91.215); if the transponder is out of the 24 month inspection, it should not be turned on. This is just a what if discussion; I would turn it on; I know it still works.

(c) Transponder-on operation. Except as provided in paragraph (e)(2) of this section, while in the airspace as specified in paragraph (b) of this section or in all controlled airspace, each person operating an aircraft equipped with an operable ATC transponder maintained in accordance with § 91.413 shall operate the transponder, including Mode C equipment if installed, and shall reply on the appropriate code or as assigned by ATC, unless otherwise directed by ATC when transmitting would jeopardize the safe execution of air traffic control functions.
They know because when they tell the pilot to squawk a code and he accepts it, it means he has a transponder.
 
How do they know which a/c have "an operable transponder"? Besides, applying the letter of the law (91.215); if the transponder is out of the 24 month inspection, it should not be turned on. This is just a what if discussion; I would turn it on; I know it still works.

(c) Transponder-on operation. Except as provided in paragraph (e)(2) of this section, while in the airspace as specified in paragraph (b) of this section or in all controlled airspace, each person operating an aircraft equipped with an operable ATC transponder maintained in accordance with § 91.413 shall operate the transponder, including Mode C equipment if installed, and shall reply on the appropriate code or as assigned by ATC, unless otherwise directed by ATC when transmitting would jeopardize the safe execution of air traffic control functions.
They know because when they tell the pilot to squawk a code and he accepts it, it means he has a transponder.

EDIT: Also if a pilot says his type is a Slant anything other than X it probably has a transponder. Or files slant anything other than X
 
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I remember when we got BRANDS in the tower it was fairly new system at the time. All the old guys bragging about the good ole days working tower with only binos and a mental picture of where their traffic was.

Heck I remember when AWOSs weren't widespread and ASOSs were just coming on line. Back then we’d issue conditions at the air station for going into satellite fields. On some days it was a crap shoot if they had weather to get in. Up hill, both ways… ;)
BRANDS ?? Haven't heard of that one.
 
BRANDS ?? Haven't heard of that one.
It’s what came before D-BRITE. I believe it stood for Basic Radar Alphanumeric Display System. Wanna say it was standard for Navy / Marine towers in the 80s and 90s. They’ve upgraded since then.

I’d also clarify my comment about being a crutch. Not really a crutch, which it can be but the problem that I’ve seen, it can be a distraction. Kinda like when we as pilots can get preoccupied with our iPad whiz bang features when we should be looking out the window. I’ve seen guys staring up at the radar, trying to figure out who’s who when they’ve got a runway incursion brewing right in front of them. Gotta know when to use it and when to give preference to higher, more pressing issues in the runway environment.
 
The nearest Class D does not have radar, but the last time I visited the tower with a student, I noticed they had a computer showing ADS-B targets. Can't use it for anything other than situational awareness, but it's better than nothing.
Even if they had radar, for a class D, it’s nothing but an SA tool. Even a class D with a certified display (CRTD), without a LOA with approach (doubtful) they can’t use it for any real radar function. Reason being, they’re not radar controllers so the FAA restricts what they can do with it.

Class Cs & Bs are totally different. If they’ve been to an FAA D-BRITE (radar) course or are approach rated, then they can use the display for radar services (vectors, sep, traffic, etc). For instance, my brother was a C controller and since he was both approach rated and tower rated, he could sign off approach and sign into to local (Twr) and provide the same services. Albeit in a more confined area. Basically it’s the difference between hearing “radar contact” (C & B) after you ident or hearing no reply (D). One is providing radar services and the other is not.
 
I had a Flight Review cancelled last June by the CFI because she couldn't find a current transponder cert in the logs. It worked but had not been certified in more than two years. Neither she nor I knew we could have simply marked it "INOP" to be legal to fly in our area. I did manage to get it certified a few days later and we did fly the next week. I did successfully complete my Flight Review in 1.1 hours on a 97-degree day. She was impressed that we could fly with the canopy open (had never been in an Ercoupe before).
 
They know because when they tell the pilot to squawk a code and he accepts it, it means he has a transponder.

EDIT: Also if a pilot says his type is a Slant anything other than X it probably has a transponder. Or files slant anything other than X

I don't get a code departing class D VFR nor do I have a flight plan filed if I'm just in the local area. This is academic since the tower knows us and our G1000 aircraft well; no return, they are going to say something.

..."transponder should be considered unreliable" ...

That's an interesting phrase to keep in your back pocket, but, unless I was in your position and they already knew, not sure I would want to be admitting that on-the-air.

Thanks for all the replies; interesting discussion. Are we all OCD or what? Guess that goes with being a pilot.
 
That's an interesting phrase to keep in your back pocket, but, unless I was in your position and they already knew, not sure I would want to be admitting that on-the-air.
On the contrary, that's what the FAA directed. It wasn't "admitting" anything, but rather letting ATC know that the transponder was not currently airworthy, as it was being flown on a ferry permit. Knowing that, they would not rely on the transponder's Mode C for altitude and traffic separation. Keeping my mouth shut in that situation would probably be the only way I *could* get in trouble. Ultimately, I decided to keep out of ATC's hair and just avoided the Class C, staying fairly low and out of their lateral boundaries/approaches on the way to my destination. I can't think of any other situation in which I might be the position of having an unreliable transponder and also flying legally in controlled airspace.

It worked but had not been certified in more than two years. Neither she nor I knew we could have simply marked it "INOP" to be legal to fly in our area.
Perhaps I'm wrong (and I know it's common practice), but I think slapping an "INOP" sticker on something isn't sufficient. It has to either be removed *or* deactivated (by an A&P) and marked "INOP". You can't just turn off the transponder and call it INOP to avoid compliance. Happy to be corrected if someone knows otherwise.
 
On the contrary, that's what the FAA directed. It wasn't "admitting" anything, but rather letting ATC know that the transponder was not currently airworthy, as it was being flown on a ferry permit. Knowing that, they would not rely on the transponder's Mode C for altitude and traffic separation. Keeping my mouth shut in that situation would probably be the only way I *could* get in trouble. Ultimately, I decided to keep out of ATC's hair and just avoided the Class C, staying fairly low and out of their lateral boundaries/approaches on the way to my destination. I can't think of any other situation in which I might be the position of having an unreliable transponder and also flying legally in controlled airspace.


Perhaps I'm wrong (and I know it's common practice), but I think slapping an "INOP" sticker on something isn't sufficient. It has to either be removed *or* deactivated (by an A&P) and marked "INOP". You can't just turn off the transponder and call it INOP to avoid compliance. Happy to be corrected if someone knows otherwise.
Well if the transponder is truly inop, meaning ATC can’t see your code or your mode C, I’d call that not an operable transponder. Pull the CB, placard it INOP and fly with it off in airspace that doesn’t require it. Nothing says that if you have a broke transponder, you must get it fixed in order to fly.

I think the second part of the requirement is a gray area. Say you have an operable transponder but yet hasn’t been maintained IAW 91.413. I don’t think an aircraft should be grounded for that and it wouldn’t make sense to disable it and placard it. Definitely wouldn’t fly with it on though.
 
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Curious, has anyone here had a transponder manufactured in the last five or 10 years fail a 413? I’d think that modern avionics are vastly more reliable and accurate for longer, and maybe the requirement could be lengthened to reflect it.
 
I had a GTX327 that had an internal RF failure, almost no power was coming out.
But that might've been older than 10 years.
A friend's Narco AT-50A (not relevant to your question, but still a good story) had developed a strange fault where it would randomly set the IDENT flag in the reply, but with no indication in the cockpit. A class D he was overflying called him on guard, they thought he was having trouble and trying to get his attention.
 
Well if the transponder is truly inop, meaning ATC can’t see your code or your mode C, I’d call that not an operable transponder. Pull the CB, placard it INOP and fly with it off in airspace that doesn’t require it. Nothing says that if you have a broke transponder, you must get it fixed in order to fly.

I think the second part of the requirement is a gray area. Say you have an operable transponder but yet hasn’t been maintained IAW 91.413. I don’t think an aircraft should be grounded for that and it wouldn’t make sense to disable it and placard it. Definitely wouldn’t fly with it on though.
Agree with the first part. If it's truly inoperable, is not required for the flight/airspace, and is appropriately deactivated and placarded, I'd say that meets the rules. For the second, it's not a grey area according to the FAA (and trust me, they really wanted to make sure I acknowledged that). 91.215(c) says that if you have an operable transponder, it's got to be turned on in controlled airspace, and 91.413 says that if the transponder is used, it needs to within that 24 month periodicity. Since pretty much all of us fly in Class E, effectively that equipped transponder must be on and within periodicity for most of us. The aircraft isn't grounded, precisely, but you're legally limited to Class G.

I guess if you stayed in class G airspace all the time, it wouldn't matter. My experience is that so many airports (including the one I needed to go to for the inspection) had Class E down to 700ft AGL, I was effectively in controlled airspace just by virtue of being at pattern altitude. Since my own case was that I had an operable transponder that was out of periodicity, the FAA guys made it crystal clear that I needed a ferry permit to fly the plane unless I was able to stay in class G the entire way. The ferry permit was trivial to get, so it was ultimately an easier to just do that and fly it there normally.
 
I disagree about being limited to class G. The regs do not require a transponder in D & E airspace; if I am missing something please point it out. The regs require you to have it on in D & E airspace IF you have one and IF it's inspection is current.
 
Curious, has anyone here had a transponder manufactured in the last five or 10 years fail a 413? I’d think that modern avionics are vastly more reliable and accurate for longer, and maybe the requirement could be lengthened to reflect it.

I have a Garmin 320A that was gifted to me from a 1974 Commander 112 and it has been flawless thus far. It would be nice if the inspection times were increased but that ain't gonna happen ...
 
Curious, has anyone here had a transponder manufactured in the last five or 10 years fail a 413? I’d think that modern avionics are vastly more reliable and accurate for longer, and maybe the requirement could be lengthened to reflect it.

But, what about now? With solid-state transponders and encoders being the norm, and a growing fleet of glass panels with no mechanical altimeters or airspeed indicators, do these routine inspections still make sense? I had that very discussion with Jeff Wall at Infinity Aviation and was surprised to hear that the answer was an emphatic “Yes.”


“Everything that feeds into these avionics is still mechanical,” said Wall. “Pitot and static lines develop leaks, fittings loosen, and over time the elements take their toll on the accuracy of solid-state devices as well.” Even for aircraft without mechanical altimeters, Wall still finds about 50 percent of the aircraft he works on for their 24-month checks require some form of leak repair or avionics adjustment, even for aircraft with glass panels.
 
Several times, I have heard the tower at my home airport (class D) tell pilots their transponder is not working. Why are they doing this since a transponder is not required for class D? Am I missing something?
Are you under a Mode C veil? It's required there...
 
If you have ADS-B Out, you have to keep it on at all times, in all airspace. 91.225(f)

That complicates things. Interesting to read (not really, I fell asleep three times) 91.215 & 91.225. Why haven't they been merged into one?

Agreed, if you have the equipment, it must be on. But, are you required to have a transponder (ADS-B out or not) below 10k in D or E airspace?
 
It’s what came before D-BRITE. I believe it stood for Basic Radar Alphanumeric Display System. Wanna say it was standard for Navy / Marine towers in the 80s and 90s. They’ve upgraded since then.

I’d also clarify my comment about being a crutch. Not really a crutch, which it can be but the problem that I’ve seen, it can be a distraction. Kinda like when we as pilots can get preoccupied with our iPad whiz bang features when we should be looking out the window. I’ve seen guys staring up at the radar, trying to figure out who’s who when they’ve got a runway incursion brewing right in front of them. Gotta know when to use it and when to give preference to higher, more pressing issues in the runway environment.
Well put. The analogy would be ‘get your head out of the cockpit’ to ‘get your head out of the tower.’
 
Agreed, if you have the equipment, it must be on. But, are you required to have a transponder (ADS-B out or not) below 10k in D or E airspace?
No, unless you're within 30 miles (mode C veil) of a class B airport. Even them aircraft without an engine driven electrical system (like mine!) are exempt.
 
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