"it goes to 11"
LOL...
In my aircraft there's separate controls for:
- Pilot intercom audio level
- Co-Pilot/Passenger intercom audio level
- Every radio has a separate volume control, including separate levels for Com and Nav on the SAME radio(s)
- My headset has separate volume controls for both left and right ear cups
So...
You have to do some fiddling to get things the way you like them. If you can't hear ATC, turn up the appropriate radio until it's at a level you're comfortable with. You're the pilot.
Most folks usually end up with ATC being set a little lower than Intercom in cruise so you can have a conversation or get instruction from the CFI while having ATC a little bit lower in the background, when VFR. IFR, you're listening for your call sign and maybe talking to the CFI or not, and sometimes you just have to grab the volume control of the thing you want to listen to the most and crank it up NOW so you don't miss something... or the always-an-option, "Say again?"
It's a dancing game of volume controls...
Try convincing a CFI to follow a "Sterile Cockpit" rule. Yeah, right... some do it naturally and keep comments to appropriate times. Others, hell... you can't shut them up at all.
Which leads to another button/knob to find on your audio panels in the airplanes you fly...
Sooner or later some passenger -- probably not your CFI -- is going to be babbling on and on about something in your ear and ignoring your frantic hand gestures to be quiet while you're trying to listen to ATC, or worse... won't shut up even after you actually TELL them to.
Almost all audio panels have a "Pilot Isolate" switch. Find it, learn it, love it. Passenger won't shut up... just throw the switch, talk to ATC, fly the plane, and explain later.
Brownie points if it's your in-laws you get to "isolate" away from.
Some of us old farts around here have actually done training in a light aircraft without a headset utilizing that awful cheap paper speaker in the overhead and yelling back and forth at the CFI, a conversation that mostly consists of "What?! I can't hear you!" and using a hand mic to answer the tower calls.
"Struggling" with a modern Intercom is relative bliss. You also aren't deaf after an hour in the pattern or have permanent hearing loss later, which is a big bonus. Hahaha...