I think all FF programs are very similar if not the same.
2. You can transfer miles to another member at 1:1 (never heard of getting half miles unless there is no fee in which case, lost miles are the "fee") for a fee, usually about $15 for each 1,000 miles. Often times, airlines give bonus miles when transferring or buying miles, so you may get an extra 25% or even 50% miles free. So if you transfer 10k miles for $150 fee, you my get 12,500 miles or even 15,000 in your account. Avianca which I fly often has a 2 for 1 promotion when buying or transferring miles every few months.