Sounds like a good ol' spinning platter failure, the most common computer failure in the world.
Pop a new hard disk in, reload from backup. That's probably the outcome here. If you've been backing up with Time Machine, a restore is easy and can be done from the OS boot media. If something like Carbon Copy Cloner you'll have to boot from the backup or OS media and copy the cloned disk back onto the new one.
As someone pointed out, you can pop the drive into an external enclosure to test it out on another machine. (Probably not Windows since it can't read HFS+ filesystems, but Linux can read the data I believe.)
The ? icon means boot device not found/available. Back in the days before EFI when boot firmware was expensive and limited, Apple chose to use well-documented icons for POST failures ("sad Mac face") or boot problems (the "?") and used up all the available space to make those errors graphical.
They never really went back and upped the size of the graphics to include a screen of text. It's legacy, but has been standard for at least ten years. I think more. Maybe even back to OS 8 and 9.
Note: Microsoft decided to make the Blue Screen of Death contain a "colon" plus "right-paraenthesis" emoticon of a "sad face" in Windows 8, but they're keeping the useless crashdump text on the right side of the screen as well. New shade of blue, too. Thought it was interesting that Marketing approved the use of an emoticon instead of just a frown... It's sideways.
Apple's kernel panic screen (identical to the BSOD) is an overlaid black and white all-text screen that explains the machine has crashed and has to be restarted in multiple languages and that data loss likely occurred.
SMART status is available in Disk Utility and via command-line tools. I believe it's also logged in the system log which can be monitored a number of ways, but I don't believe there's a pop-up or something that will proactively warn of failure.
I rarely see SMART warn before a drive failure in any systems at work. The disk just drops out of the RAID with no warning. With RAID it's a no-brainer to fix. Without, you're restoring from backup. Especially on desktop machines with only one disk.
I think you know all this already but I'll document for the next person in your shoes...
Best of luck. Hopefully you have backups. The backup software is built in, and works pretty well. A lot of people like Carbon Copy Cloner too, though.