Departing IFR At Uncontrolled Airport - When To Turn With No Instructions

Asked "was", not "is". I agree with the FO. Controller should have said "Cleared direct XYZ, resume own navigation." IMO.
So what you’re saying is, because the Controller gave an incorrect instruction, the FO should have flown an irrational flight path rather than requesting clarification from ATC per 91.123 (a)
 
Asked "was", not "is". I agree with the FO. Controller should have said "Cleared direct XYZ, resume own navigation." IMO.
Sigh. "Was" from today's perspective. "Is" on that day. "What is your course to XYZ?"

And I agree that the controller should have said direct XYZ, but that's frequently not done.
 
Theoretically, if you consider the departure airport as part of the "route", then 91.181(b) says you should intercept the course.

However, I have not met a single controller who actually expects that. They are expecting you to take off in whatever direction, climb to at least 400 feet (assuming no ODP), and then make a turn direct to the first fix on the route.


I think it's the controller not liking aircraft to be making unexpected 30º turns, and is just as simple as that.

One of the few times I've ever had to exercise captain authority in terms of shutting down my FO was in this sort of scenario, only it was even worse to me: First fix on route was "XYZ", ATC had us on a departure vector, ATC asked us what our course to XYZ was, and then said "resume own navigation". FO wanted to go back to the course from the airport to XYZ even though the controller asked what our course to XYZ was, so he'd obviously (to me, anyway) be expecting us to turn to the course we just gave him. But, FO was a VERY experienced instructor, with more than double (closer to triple!) my total logged time just in dual given, so he was used to the "book" answer, when the real world answer is different.

This is one of those things that really drives me nuts about the FAA - There's often a reg or AIM procedure that made sense back in the VOR days that just doesn't make sense today, and nobody does it any more, but their docs still say that it's how you're supposed to do things. They need an overhaul. It's been nearly 30 years.
I really like this response for several reasons, most of which highlights “book” vs “reality/expectations”. Like hitting the IF on an RNAV arriving from the same side and flying the PT: they aren’t expecting it even though that’s exactly what you’re supposed to do.

I think for both scenarios in the future I’ll tie book + expectations in a neat little bow and verify.
 
I really like this response for several reasons, most of which highlights “book” vs “reality/expectations”. Like hitting the IF on an RNAV arriving from the same side and flying the PT: they aren’t expecting it even though that’s exactly what you’re supposed to do.

I think for both scenarios in the future I’ll tie book + expectations in a neat little bow and verify.
That would be in compliance with I think it’s @midlifeflyer ’s cardinal rule of flying IFR. Be on the same page as the Controller.
 
So what you’re saying is, because the Controller gave an incorrect instruction, the FO should have flown an irrational flight path rather than requesting clarification from ATC per 91.123 (a)
Of course, I'm not saying that at all. If the controller said, "What was your course to XYZ?" I would understand that to mean I'm being asked for my planned route before I was taken off of it by the controller's vector. I would assume the controller had a technical reason, such as possibly marking the route on the display for reference.
 
Sigh. "Was" from today's perspective. "Is" on that day. "What is your course to XYZ?"

And I agree that the controller should have said direct XYZ, but that's frequently not done.
Can't get good help anymore; the world isn't a better place.
 
“book” vs “reality/expectations”
When folks don't understand the meaning of the "book", they gripe about the difference from "reality". Take 91.185 for example. Leaving a clearance limit was never meant for anything other than a holding fix (they simply changed what to call it). Now pilots and controllers gripe that the book says they must leave a made-up fix over the airport because it's a "clearance limit".
 
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When folks don't understand the meaning of the "book", they gripe about the difference from "reality". Take 91.185 for example. Leaving a clearance limit was never meant for anything other than a holding fix (they simply changed what to call it). Now pilots and controllers gripe that the book says they must leave a made-up fix over the airport because it's a "clearance limit".
AAGGGHHHH!!! It’s lost comm. RUN!!!!
 
That would be in compliance with I think it’s @midlifeflyer ’s cardinal rule of flying IFR. Be on the same page as the Controller.
It would. On this one, assuming you chose to intercept the leg, it would be as simple as checking in with, "1234A 2,000 climbing 3,000 heading 320° to intercept the Vidalia-Athens course."

Which, BTW (1) would probably have gotten a similar but less snarky controller response; and (2) is another reason not to do it because ""1234A 2,000 climbing 3,000 direct Athens" is so much shorter :D
 
When folks don't understand the meaning of the "book", they gripe about the difference from "reality". Take 91.185 for example. Leaving a clearance limit was never meant for anything other than a holding fix (they simply changed what to call it). Now pilots and controllers gripe that the book says they must leave a made-up fix over the airport because it's a "clearance limit".
That's not what I was talking about. 91.185 is lost comm. 91.181(b) is what I referenced, which is "course to be flown".
 
That's not what I was talking about. 91.185 is lost comm. 91.181(b) is what I referenced, which is "course to be flown".
Yeah, but I wasn't responding to your post, just the general gripes about how the book says one thing, which is really not what it always was meant to convey, and reality is something imagined to be different, which is really what the book has meant all along.
 
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FWIW - if I'm not given a vector to fly when I reach controlled airspace, I just ask. Good habit or superstition behavior, take your pick.
 
FWIW - if I'm not given a vector to fly when I reach controlled airspace, I just ask. Good habit or superstition behavior, take your pick.
I think you can have obstacles poking up into controlled airspace. Do you want to rely on ATC to keep you clear? And if they refuse? Or if you can't raise them? Gotta have a plan and stay on it until you're clear, THEN fly the pre-assigned heading, i.e., "When entering controlled airspace, fly..." and not as soon as you enter. IMO.
 
There’s no specific distance or angle to intercept along a direct route with no fix in between.

I don’t think the controller expected or wanted him to go back to KVDI and then continue. Don’t think he even wanted him intercepting a course in between. I believe the opposite. He wanted him direct KAHN from where he established radar contact.
Perhaps next time the controller will tell the pilot to do that…

Was the controller female? /s
 
I think you can have obstacles poking up into controlled airspace. Do you want to rely on ATC to keep you clear? And if they refuse? Or if you can't raise them? Gotta have a plan and stay on it until you're clear, THEN fly the pre-assigned heading, i.e., "When entering controlled airspace, fly..." and not as soon as you enter. IMO.
If they give me a vector that conflicts with the ODP or a NOTAM then I’ll reference that to them and we’ll get a different vector. Either way I don’t leave it unspoken.

If I can’t raise them I can’t leave anyway as I don’t have clearance.
 
If they give me a vector that conflicts with the ODP or a NOTAM then I’ll reference that to them and we’ll get a different vector. Either way I don’t leave it unspoken.

If I can’t raise them I can’t leave anyway as I don’t have clearance.
Oh, sure you can. That's what a void time clearance is for. You could be given a heading and leaving in a surface area, but there are low close-in obstacles that could make turning to that heading dangerous even in a diverse departure area.
 
FWIW - if I'm not given a vector to fly when I reach controlled airspace, I just ask. Good habit or superstition behavior, take your pick.
That's not how the ATC system is designed to work. The departure vector is the exception, not the norm.

The system is designed so that the pilot determines how to climb safely to the minimum ifr altitude. Airports with instrument approaches have been evaluated and aids are given such as SIDs and ODPs. It is the pilot's responsibility to determine if he can avoid terrain visually or if an ODP or SID should be used. If a SID or ODP is not included in your clearance, and you determine that you need to use it to ensure terrain separation, it is your responsibility to inform ATC. They can not deny its use unless they are going to provide the separation for you with radar vectors.

In practice, in the low-lands with nearly universal radar coverage to a very low altitude, departure controls will almost always use radar vectors. ARTTCs will be more likely to use routing, instead of vectors, than TRACANs but that's not universal. When you get into mountainous areas, remote areas, or outside the US, it is more common for you to on your own navigation.

Before departing an airport IFR, a pilot should know what he will do if the only instructions he receives is "Cleared for takeoff" or "Released".
 
Before departing an airport IFR, a pilot should know what he will do if the only instructions he receives is "Cleared for takeoff" or "Released".
It isn't that simple, IMO. I think the pilot should treat a heading given before takeoff as a traffic assignment not as an obstacle clearance assignment unless departing a runway with a specific "diverse vector area" (DVA), which isn't synonymous with a generic diverse departure area. ATC isn't responsible for terrain/obstructions until they have you radar identified and subsequently issue a heading. If the traffic assignment doesn't jibe with the PIC's obstacle avoidance intentions, then I agree with you to inform ATC.
 
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ATC isn't responsible for terrain/obstructions until they have you radar identified and subsequently issue a heading
I'm not sure where we're disagreeing. I said "radar vector" which, I thought, meant radar contact plus a heading. Saying "Enter controlled airspace heading XXX" isn't a radar vector.

Though I think it's unlikely for them to issue a heading when terrain is a factor.

My point is that the pilot needs to know what to do without any input from ATC other than the initial IFR clearance. If he later receives radar vectors then things just got easier. He shouldn't expect radar vectors then scramble to figure out what to do if he isn't given any.
 
I get “vectors when entering controlled space” about 90% of the time. Maybe it’s a busy BRAVO thing.
 
I get “vectors when entering controlled space” about 90% of the time. Maybe it’s a busy BRAVO thing.
Lots of places in populated areas do that but it is the exception, not the base upon which the IFR system is built. RADAR and RNAV are the fancy things added on top that often makes things easier.

Monday, I spent close to two hours flying outside of radar coverage using non-radar separation making position reports over HF radios. I'll do it again this weekend. Most of the world's airspace is like that.
 
I get “vectors when entering controlled space” about 90% of the time. Maybe it’s a busy BRAVO thing.
That would be the “where terrain isn’t a factor” thing that Larry noted. But terrain separation is still your responsibility.
 
I get “vectors when entering controlled space” about 90% of the time. Maybe it’s a busy BRAVO thing.
What airport(s)? It makes a difference. If the nontowered airport has a diverse vector area, you might well get vectors from the ground, especially if it also a Class E surface area. I talked a bit about some of the departure permutations, including pilot/ATC roles, in my 2021 IFR Magazine article, "Departures" (no firewall).
 
I probably know less about this almost anyone on here. Just a student as far as IFR goes. But in my head, when you're on an IFR approach or being vectored to one from ATC, you're getting terrain avoidance. When you're leaving an uncontrolled airport, you *might* be, maybe. If you do things differently than what ATC expects, you might make ATC upset. That's bad. If you don't understand the obstacle departure procedures and takeoff minimums for the airport, say Glens Falls for example, you might fly into a mountain. To me, that's worse.

The other bit is that I'll program the GPS on the ground to be direct from the first airport to the second waypoint. Unless the two points are really close to each other, there's really not a lot of difference between where you end up after takeoff and the course. Sometimes I'll change the GPS to fly direct, sometimes I'll intercept the course. But, if I intercept, I'll fly it manually, and I'll do so with an initial turn that puts me generally going toward the next waypoint and that will intercept fairly shallow. I can see how ATC might wonder what you're doing if they see you flying a straight line 170 degrees from your next point, and I can't see a reasonable reason to do that, either, once you're clear of obstacles. This is all leaving from an uncontrolled field.
 
This is all leaving from an uncontrolled field.
Whether or not the field has an operating control tower isn't a good indicator for if, and when, obstruction clearance will be provided by ATC. Many ATCTs are VFR-only. They don't originate or modify IFR clearances, they only relay them from the overlying TRACON or Center, or provide IFR separation services themselves. Mark's column, linked above, explains it well.
 
I probably know less about this almost anyone on here. Just a student as far as IFR goes. But in my head, when you're on an IFR approach or being vectored to one from ATC, you're getting terrain avoidance. When you're leaving an uncontrolled airport, you *might* be, maybe.
That's essentially correct. When you receive radar vectors from ATC, ATC is taking responsibility for terrain and construction clearance. As previously mentioned, there are two conditions:
(1) Assignment of an altitude and heading; and​
(2) Radar contact.​

One without the other is not enough. As it did here, the question often comes up about the common IFR clearance from the ground at a nontowered airport (not a Class E surface area), "when entering controlled airspace, fly heading... climb and maintain..." That is not a radar vector. The altitude and heading may be there but radar contact is not. The general rule in this case is that you are not receiving a vector until you hear the words "[Your aircraft], radar contact, fly..."

It gets a bit more nuanced at towered airports and Class E surface areas. In those cases, ATC may issue vectors from the ground if it a diverse vector area, but it's still going to be incumbent on the pilot to check to ensure that they can meet any climb gradient requirements.
 
I'm not sure where we're disagreeing.
It looks like we agree after all. My concern was that @WDD could interpret

"...a pilot should know what he will do if the only instructions he receives is "Cleared for takeoff" or "Released","​
​
as meaning the ONLY time he should know what he will do is if he isn't given a heading instruction by ATC.
 
The other bit is that I'll program the GPS on the ground to be direct from the first airport to the second waypoint.
Well, maybe. There may be an unassigned ODP that is necessary to keep you from hitting something. That may well take you in the opposite direction of that waypoint in your clearance. As a plain vanilla Part 91 pilot, you can certainly disregard it (unless it's assigned), and head directly to your cleared waypoint into the clouds.

In that case, there is still a question you have to answer.

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Well, maybe. There may be an unassigned ODP that is necessary to keep you from hitting something. That may well take you in the opposite direction of that waypoint in your clearance. As a plain vanilla Part 91 pilot, you can certainly disregard it (unless it's assigned), and head directly to your cleared waypoint into the clouds.

In that case, there is still a question you have to answer.
Yep, absolutely. Home airport I know the performance/weight I need to be at to clear the trees at the end of the runway. From there, I can circle the pattern at 700 AGL all day and clear everything. From there, I can std rate turn and cruise climb in any direction to 3k and clear the local hills.

If it were Pittsfield, I know which side the mountain is on, so I don't turn toward that. North Adams? Yeah, I'm not taking off from there night or IFR. Required climb gradient too close to aircraft performance in multiple directions and I'm a chicken. Along those same lines, I always look at the VFR chart for any airport I'm taking off from, in addition to the ODP's. Again, might be my natural fear of terrain and overkill.
 
It looks like we agree after all. My concern was that @WDD could interpret

"...a pilot should know what he will do if the only instructions he receives is "Cleared for takeoff" or "Released","​
​
as meaning the ONLY time he should know what he will do is if he isn't given a heading instruction by ATC.
You can feel confident in directing your concern elsewhere
 
But in my head, when you're on an IFR approach or being vectored to one from ATC, you're getting terrain avoidance.
You would be correct. But some of the discussion here is when you get something in your Clearance like "...upon reaching Controlled Airspace, fly Heading 123..." That is NOT a Radar Vector as you may not be talking to ATC yet (possibly too low) and you are not Radar Identified once you reach Controlled Airspace (e.g. 700 or 1200ft). So if you make the turn per your Clearance, the terrain avoidance is still on you since you're still not actually getting Radar Vectors.

But generally those "upon reaching" headings are the same thing they always give and there should not be an issue. But then they really don't know if you told them you were departing Rwy 180, but decided you didn't want to taxi all the way to the other end, so you snuck off Rwy 360 since no one was around. So that Heading they gave you might now be a big issue, which is why Terrain/Obstacle Avoidance is on you.
 
For those wanting more references on instrument departures, I'd recommend Chapter 10 of the Instrument Flying Handbook and the relevant sections of Chapter 1 of the Instrument Procedures Handbook.
 
Another POV - whatnot to offer.

When leaving uncontrolled field like I did yesterday, others were in the pattern. So yes, you fly obstacle clearance, don’t hit the ground or anything touching the ground. And fly appropriately to give separation to the others doing touch and goes, etc. And don’t fly into the path of someone entering the pattern.

Get clear of airport, then turn per ATC.

Maybe common sense helps out here? :)
 
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