What evidence do you have that supports this idea that the influence of binary reactions are limited to our Puritan heritage? And how does that relate to Calvinistic belief?
Not just Calvinist teachings, but also the Puritans' extreme interpretation of Calvin's soteriological teachings, especially regarding predestination, equal ultimacy, foreordination, total depravity, prevenient grace, and the manifestations of salvation.
John Calvin taught a form of predestination known as "individual double predestination" or "equal ultimacy." What that means is that Calvin believed that long before any of us were born, God had specifically and individually destined some people to be saved and to go to heaven, and others to remain unsaved and to be damned to hell. All humans are born into a state of total depravity, Calvin taught; but those whom God chose in advance (and
only those whom He called in advance) would receive an irresistible call to salvation known as "prevenient grace."
Calvin also taught that salvation is immediate and permanent upon a person's acceptance of Jesus Christ as facilitated by prevenient grace. Once saved, a person could never lose their salvation. That's known theologically as "eternal security," and it's a necessary corollary to a belief in individual predestination. He also taught that a person's genuine salvation would be accompanied and evidenced by good works and repentance, commonly known as "sanctification," which literally means progressively separating oneself
from sin and
to God.
The Puritans interpreted Calvin's teachings in ways that not even Calvin had suggested. For example, they taught that measures of good health, material wealth, and other temporal blessings were evidences of salvation; or for those who could safely be assumed to have been saved, of how closely their lives conformed to God's will. Sickness, poverty, community strife, and other vicissitudes of human existence were all blamed either on a person's not being in line with God's will, or on demonically-inspired persecution. Nothing happened by chance. Everything was foreordained, and everything had some divine reason in the big scheme of things.
Garrison Keillor quite accurately jokes that Puritans were people who left England in search of more restrictions than were permissible under British law. He says it as a joke, but it's actually quite true. Having succeeded in so thoroughly ostracizing themselves from mainstream British society by their bizarrely complex system of religious imperatives, they wore out their welcome in England and were forced to seek refuge elsewhere.
They first sailed to Holland in search of the religious freedom they needed to to restrict themselves. But once there, they found the lifestyles of the tolerant Dutch to be too licentious for their liking. They also believed that Dutch excesses were causing their adults to age prematurely and their children to be "drawn away by evil examples into extravagance and dangerous courses." They also were discouraged by the poverty in which they found themselves, and interpreted it as a sign from God that they were out of His will by staying in Holland.
The truth is that most of the Puritans' problems in Holland had to do with the fact that the Puritans, upon arriving in Holland, had immediately gone to work making themselves as obnoxious and unwelcome in Holland as they had been in England. They suffered poverty because no one would hire them. The tolerant Dutch not only resented the Puritans' pretentious piety, prudery, and proselytizing; but they also believed that the Puritans were more than a bit crazy and kept their distance from them. The end result was that the Puritans became marginalized in Holland, as well.
And so the Puritans planned to sail again, but to where? Many destinations were considered, but ultimately they secured a land patent and sailed to the New World in search of a world where they would be free not only to live by their own highly-legalistic set of rules, but to impose them on others so they would not be corrupted by the licentiousness of those around them. And so they began their illustrious history in North America, one that has been marked by accomplishments ranging from the Mayflower Compact on one extreme, to the Salem Witch Trials on the other.
In fact, Puritan thinking can best be summed up in the word "extremes." To the Puritans, humans were clearly divided into two distinct groups: the saved and the damned. The saved would always be saved, and the damned would always be damned. No one could cross from one team to the other. You were either a member of the God Squad or you weren't. That decision had already been made by God long before you were born, and you couldn't change it. That was the core of their binary framework.
From within that framework were born other decidedly un-biblical assumptions such as that the poor were poor because that was God's will; that people who committed crimes of either the civil or ecclesiastical sort did so because they were essentially evil and beyond rehabilitation; that it was okay to kill suspected "witches" at the stake; and other beliefs that seem rather bizarre by modern standards, but which are still ingrained enough in the national psyche to be operative even today.
The thing is that we don't like those beliefs because we realize that they're bizarre. So we compensate for them either by opposing them a bit more strongly and ostentatiously than we need to (what Freud called "reaction formation"), or by dividing the people around us into binary groups based on how well they conform to our ideas of what are "right" and "wrong" thoughts, attitudes, behaviors, lifestyles, etc.
Some examples:
- Everyone who voted for Trump must be a racist, a bigot, and a misogynist. They can't simply be people who favored his economic or foreign policy ideas (whatever they may be).
- Everyone who voted for Clinton is a Socialist who hates America and all that it stands for. They can't simply be people who have a different vision for America or who thought her experiences better prepared her for the job.
- Everyone who uses the term "radical Islamic terrorism" hates Muslims and is just as guilty of jihad as the terrorists are.
- Everyone who refuses to use the term "radical Islamic terrorism" embraces jihad and is just as guilty of murder as the terrorists are.
- Every child who fashions a gun out of a Pop-Tart or draws one on a piece of paper is a future sociopath who needs to be removed from schools to protect the normal kids.
- Every teacher who is concerned about a child who fashions a gun out of a Pop-Tart or draws one on a piece of paper is a collectivist who hates the individuality and independence that guns represent in American society.
- Every student who designate himself or herself as a "safe zone" is a reprobate who rejects all traditions that are good, decent, and representative of America's traditional values.
- Every student who does not designate his or herself as a "safe zone" is a racist, a misogynist, a homophobe, and a bigot.
Do you see a pattern here?
Puritan interpretations of Calvinism, especially his soteriological teachings, resulted in very strong binary assumptions about people, behaviors, and circumstances. That tendency so infuses American society that many people have lost the ability to consider that people with whom they disagree may be just as sane, rational, and decent as they are; that people who commit crimes may have been under horrendous contributory circumstances; that people who are poor might be unfortunate rather than lazy; or that people who are rich might be skillful business people rather than greedy.
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